FAQ

The Human Institute's platform allows for exchanging messages between you and your therapist, live chats, speaking over the phone, and video conferences. These can be arranged for times that best suit your availability and convenience.

This depends from person to person, on your conditions and availability as well. Some people feel they only need a few hours a week for a brief period, while others need to use it for much longer. It's all up to you.

We have multiple subscription plans that vary in cost depending on your location, preferences, and therapist availability. Payments are given monthly, with standard credit.

Yes, we do accept insurance payments. The Human Institute works with many employers and health plans, so contact your healthcare provider and see if your plan covers the costs of online therapy sessions.

Many studies have proved the efficacy of online and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). With our qualified and experienced therapists, as well as our affordable prices and secure network, you can rest assured that you're getting the best help at the most convenient times for the best prices.

Your privacy is our most significant concern after your mental well-being. We have designed our online services around HIPAA guidelines, and communication between clients and our data servers is encrypted with 256-bit encryption. If you prefer anonymity between you and your therapist, that's fine. We do our best to ensure you're comfortable with our platform so that you can focus on what matters - feeling the best you possibly can.

Our platform requires fundamental skills, so anyone can use our services, no matter how limited their computer skills are. Our online help services are just a click away if you need assistance.

Absolutely. We're always on the lookout for new talent and potential team members that would join us on our journey toward a more mentally healthy world. Click here to start the application process.

The 3-3-3 rule for anxiety involves focusing on three things you can see, three things you can hear, and three movements you can make with your body. This technique helps divert your attention from anxious thoughts to your senses, offering a grounding effect. As Aimee Daramus, PsyD, a clinical psychologist at Clarity Clinic in Chicago, explains, "It's essentially a method to distract yourself from anxiety by engaging your senses.

Life for a person with an anxiety disorder goes beyond temporary worry or fear. The anxiety is persistent and can worsen over time, significantly impacting daily activities like job performance, schoolwork, and relationships. The symptoms are not just fleeting moments of concern but ongoing experiences that can disrupt various aspects of their life.

Symptoms and patterns
- trouble concentrating or making decisions.
- feeling irritable, tense or restless.
- experiencing nausea or abdominal distress.
- having heart palpitations.
- sweating, trembling or shaking.
- trouble sleeping.
- having a sense of impending danger, panic or doom.

Managing anxiety disorders can be approached through various methods. Learning about anxiety helps in understanding its effects, while mindfulness and relaxation techniques, such as yoga or meditation, can keep you present and calm. Correct breathing techniques, like deep breathing exercises, and dietary adjustments, along with regular exercise, support overall health and reduce stress. Developing assertiveness and building self-esteem are crucial for effective communication and confidence. Cognitive therapy challenges and changes negative thought patterns, and exposure therapy helps gradually face and overcome fears. Structured problem-solving strategies tackle specific issues, and medication prescribed by a healthcare professional can manage symptoms. Additionally, joining support groups provides a platform to share experiences and receive encouragement from others facing similar challenges.

- 5 Steps to Calm.
- Recognize Triggers. Identify what sparks your anxiety or stress — it could be specific thoughts, people, situations or sounds. ...
- Build an Emotional First Aid Kit. ...
- Develop a Coping Plan. ...
- Develop a Personal Support Network. ...
- Practice Self-Compassion.

Whether you're experiencing occasional anxiety or living with intense anxiety symptoms, it's imperative to seek professional help. Anxiety disorders typically do not go away on their own, so getting the right support and treatment is essential.

Consuming large amounts of processed meats, fried foods, refined cereals, candy, pastries, and high-fat dairy products can increase your risk of feeling anxious and depressed. In contrast, a diet rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and fish can help stabilize your mood and reduce anxiety.

To improve your sleep with anxiety, consider engaging in calming activities before bed, such as reading, listening to music, or taking a hot bath. Practicing deep breathing can also be helpful. If you find yourself unable to fall asleep within 20 minutes or if you wake up and can't get back to sleep, get out of bed and do something relaxing until you feel drowsy.

- Take a mental break: “Use a guided imagery app or simply daydream on your own,” Henderson says. “A brief mental vacation can break the cycle of anxious thoughts.”
- Just breathe: Inhale and exhale slowly, evenly, and deeply for several breaths.
- Change your position: “Whatever you're doing, do the opposite,” Kissen says.

Bad Habit 1: Sleep Deprivation

Easily one of the most common bad habits contributing to anxiety is sleep deprivation. Many people struggling with anxiety avoid sleep, letting their stresses and worries keep them awake.

It is diagnosed when an individual exhibits a persistently low or depressed mood, anhedonia (decreased interest in pleasurable activities), feelings of guilt or worthlessness, lack of energy, poor concentration, changes in appetite, psychomotor retardation or agitation, sleep disturbances, or suicidal thoughts.

About 10% to 15% of individuals with the condition die by suicide. However, the good news is that clinical depression is one of the most treatable mental health conditions. Approximately 80% to 90% of those who seek treatment for the condition eventually respond well to it.

Show support
- Urge the person to stay with treatment. ...
- Be willing to listen. ...
- Give positive reinforcement. ...
- Offer help. ...
- Help make their life less stressful. ...
- Find helpful organizations. ...
- Urge them to take an active part in their faith, if faith is a part of their life. ...
- Urge the person to take self-care steps.

The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) includes major depressive disorder in its definition of mental impairment. However, an impairment is not necessarily the same as a disability. To qualify as a disability under the ADA, the impairment must "substantially limit one or more major life activities."

Depression is one of the most common and treatable mental health disorders. With early and ongoing treatment, individuals can manage their symptoms, improve their well-being, and return to enjoying their lives. Effective treatments for depression include medications like antidepressants and talk therapy.

Thoughts of suicide, self-harm, or death are often among the most serious symptoms of depression. It's important to understand that having suicidal thoughts does not necessarily mean you intend to act on them. These thoughts can vary from passive, fleeting reflections to more concrete plans for self-harm.

Among mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, Anorexia Nervosa has the highest mortality rate. A review of nearly fifty years of research confirms this finding (Arcelus, Mitchel, Wales, & Nelson, 2011).

During these episodes, symptoms are present most of the day, nearly every day, and may include: feelings of sadness, tearfulness, emptiness, or hopelessness; angry outbursts, irritability, or frustration, even over minor matters; and loss of interest or pleasure in most or all usual activities, such as sex, hobbies, or sports.

Education, lifestyle changes, social support, and psychological therapy are crucial treatments for depression. In addition to these approaches, individuals may also need antidepressant medication to effectively manage their symptoms.

Whether you live with bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder, you experience periods of depression, which can make them difficult to distinguish. However, the "bi-" in bipolar refers to its two phases: mania and depression. In contrast, major depressive disorder involves only one phase: depression.

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings. Individuals with this illness experience shifts between mania or hypomania (an elevated emotional state marked by increased energy, euphoria, or sometimes aggression and delusions) and episodes of depression.

During a depressive episode, you may experience a persistently low or depressed mood and/or a loss of interest in most activities, along with other symptoms of depression, such as tiredness, changes in appetite, and feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness.

A person with bipolar disorder also experiences fluctuations in energy, thinking, behavior, and sleep. During mood episodes, these changes can make it challenging to carry out daily tasks, attend work or school, and maintain relationships.

The manic phase of bipolar disorder may include:
- feeling very happy, elated or overjoyed.
- talking very quickly.
- feeling full of energy.
- feeling self-important.
- feeling full of great new ideas and having important plans.
- being easily distracted.
- being easily irritated or agitated.

Uncontrolled, intense, and unpredictable, bipolar anger can seem to arise without an obvious trigger, such as a threat or frustration. During these episodes, individuals may scream at or verbally abuse others seemingly without cause, and sometimes they may not remember these actions afterward.

One of the most objective symptoms to monitor in bipolar disorder is sleep. A significant decrease in the need for sleep is a major red flag and often more noticeable than mood changes associated with mania. Routinely tracking how much sleep you need and get can be valuable for monitoring mood states as they emerge, persist, or subside.

Extreme Shifts In Mood & Behavior
Feelings toward a partner in bipolar disorder may not always be constant, as mood shifts can alter their perspective on the relationship, making it challenging to build trust. During depressive episodes, the partner with bipolar disorder might feel that others do not understand them.

Bipolar disorder can involve delusions, which are beliefs not grounded in reality. During a delusion, you might believe that you are close friends with a famous musician you've never met or that you are leading the country's space program.

Many experts view bipolar disorder as a progressive condition that can worsen with age, particularly if left untreated. As individuals age, they might observe changes in the frequency and severity of episodes. Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood and energy, leading to significant emotional highs and lows.

Bipolar disorder often begins with depressive episodes rather than mania. As a result, even if mania is eventually detected accurately, the initial onset of bipolar disorder might be missed.

Schizophrenia typically involves delusions (false beliefs), hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren’t there), unusual physical behavior, and disorganized thinking and speech. It is common for individuals with schizophrenia to experience paranoid thoughts or hear voices.

The symptoms of schizophrenia are generally classified into two categories:

- Positive symptoms: These include changes in behavior or thoughts, such as hallucinations or delusions.
- Negative symptoms: These involve a withdrawal from the world, a lack of interest in social interactions, and often a flat or emotionless demeanor.

Relapse and remission cycles are common in schizophrenia, with individuals experiencing periods of improvement and worsening of symptoms over time. Positive symptoms, which can vary in severity, include delusions, hallucinations, and thought disorders. Some psychiatrists also include psychomotor problems, which affect movement, in this category.

Schizophrenia disrupts brain function, affecting thoughts, memory, senses, and behaviors. This can lead to significant challenges in various aspects of daily life. Untreated schizophrenia often impacts relationships—whether professional, social, romantic, or otherwise—making it difficult to maintain connections with others.

Studies have found that men with schizophrenia have an average life expectancy of 59.9 years, losing about 15.9 years of life compared to the general population. Women with schizophrenia have an average life expectancy of 67.6 years, losing approximately 13.6 years.

People with schizophrenia typically experience psychotic symptoms, which impair their ability to think clearly and distinguish between what is real and what is not. This can include hallucinations, such as seeing or hearing things that aren’t there, and delusions, which are false beliefs that are not based in reality.

Someone with schizophrenia might see lights, objects, people, or patterns that aren’t actually there. This can include seeing loved ones or friends who have passed away. They may also experience difficulties with depth perception and gauging distances.

If you felt that people were out to harm you and you weren't sure who to trust, it could be extremely distressing and confusing. Recognizing that something is wrong might be challenging, especially if your perceptions and beliefs are heavily influenced by the symptoms of schizophrenia. Unfortunately, many people with schizophrenia are unaware that their experiences and symptoms are indicative of a mental disorder.

The main psychological triggers of schizophrenia are stressful life events, such as:
- bereavement.
- losing your job or home.
- divorce.
- the end of a relationship.
- physical, sexual or emotional abuse.

In the early phase of schizophrenia, you might appear eccentric, unmotivated, emotionless, and reclusive to others. You may begin to isolate yourself, neglect your appearance, say unusual things, and show a general indifference to life.

The truth is that while schizophrenia is influenced by genetics, it isn't directly inherited.

PTSD can significantly impact a person's ability to work, perform daily activities, and maintain relationships with family and friends. Individuals with PTSD may appear uninterested or distant as they try to avoid thinking about or feeling painful memories.

Common symptoms of PTSD
- vivid flashbacks (feeling like the trauma is happening right now)
- intrusive thoughts or images.
- nightmares.
- intense distress at real or symbolic reminders of the trauma.
- physical sensations such as pain, sweating, nausea or trembling.

You cannot fully "get rid of" PTSD on your own, as there is no definitive cure for this condition. However, PTSD can be effectively managed. For most people, a combination of medication, trauma-focused therapies, and self-care techniques proves to be the most effective approach.

- Intrusive Thoughts. ...
- Nightmares. ...
- Avoiding Reminders of the Event. ...
- Memory Loss. ...
- Negative Thoughts About Self and the World. ...
- Self-Isolation; Feeling Distant. ...
- Anger and Irritability. ...
- Reduced Interest in Favorite Activities.

Arousal and reactive symptoms may include:
- Being irritable and having angry outbursts
- Behaving recklessly or in a self-destructive way
- Being overly watchful of one's surroundings in a suspicious manner
- Being easily startled
- Having problems concentrating or sleeping

PTSD causes your heart to beat faster and your brain to pause some of its normal tasks, such as filing short-term memories. This condition keeps your brain stuck in danger mode, so even after the threat has passed, it remains on high alert.

- Regularly tell them that you love them, you're committed to the relationship and you'll always be there to support them.
- Talk about the future and make exciting plans.
- Tell them that you have confidence that they can recover and you'll be with them every step of the way.

Women with PTSD may be more likely than men with PTSD to:
- Be easily startled
- Have more trouble feeling emotions or feel numb
- Avoid things that remind them of the trauma

You may be eligible for disability compensation if you have symptoms related to a traumatic event (the "stressor") or if your experience with the stressor is connected to your PTSD symptoms, and you meet both of these requirements.

Remember: PTSD is a normal response to abnormal circumstances. It's common for people with PTSD to isolate themselves.

OCD episodes can manifest differently from person to person. Common themes of an OCD episode include:
- Fear of contamination
- Checking behaviors
- Obsession over symmetry and order
- Intrusive thoughts
- Fear of harming others
- Hoarding tendencies
- Perfectionism
- Religious or moral obsessions

Many people with OCD experience intense fears of something terrible happening to themselves or others, have constant doubts about their behavior, and frequently seek reassurance from others. Common misconceptions about OCD include beliefs that it is caused by laziness, lack of willpower, bad parenting, or trauma.

OCD can have a profound effect on a person's life
Compulsions and obsessions can consume many hours of a person's day, interfering with family and social relationships. They can also negatively affect education and employment. As OCD becomes more severe, avoidance behaviors may become increasingly problematic.

Any increase in OCD symptoms can be referred to as a flare-up. During a flare-up, you may notice an increase in intrusive thoughts, greater distress caused by these thoughts, and a stronger urge to engage in compulsions.

Individuals with high functioning OCD often demonstrate remarkable resilience and determination in managing their symptoms. They may meticulously plan their days to accommodate their rituals or obsessions, enabling them to fulfill their responsibilities while navigating the demands of their condition.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) involves a pattern of unwanted thoughts and fears, known as obsessions. These obsessions lead to repetitive behaviors, called compulsions. These obsessions and compulsions interfere with daily activities and cause significant distress.

Research indicates that controlling thoughts is a key feature of OCD. According to 2023 research, typical examples of thoughts people with OCD may have include:

- Fear of contamination or germs: “If I don't wash my hands excessively, I might pass on a serious illness to my kids.”

Proofreading, editing, and writing are all jobs that can be done remotely, making them good career options for someone with OCD. These roles often involve tasks where checking is encouraged, but it's important to be mindful of not giving in to compulsions excessively.

Symptoms of OCD can fluctuate in severity over time and may be related to stressful events. As symptoms often worsen with age, individuals may have difficulty recalling when OCD first began but might remember when they first noticed that the symptoms were disrupting their lives.

These include intrusive, unpleasant thoughts, persistent doubt, guilt, fears of being insane, and overwhelming anxiety. While all forms of OCD can be painful, paralyzing, and debilitating, one of the more severe and startling types is known as morbid obsessions.

What should you not say to someone with OCD?
- Blame: Try to avoid blaming someone for their OCD. ...
- Shame: Well-meaning people may suggest something is not a big deal or is easy to manage. ...
- Criticism: Criticism and hostility can make a person feel worse. ...
- Annoyance: Avoid treating the person with OCD as an annoyance.

ADHD is caused by brain differences that affect attention and behavior in specific ways. For example, people with ADHD are more easily distracted than those without it. ADHD can make it harder to focus, listen, wait, or take your time. It impacts a person at school, at home, and in their relationships with friends.

People with ADHD experience an ongoing pattern of the following types of symptoms:
- Inattention: Difficulty paying attention and staying focused.
- Hyperactivity: Excessive energy, moving, and talking more than is typical.
- Impulsivity: Acting without thinking and having trouble with self-control.

In adults, the main features of ADHD may include difficulty paying attention, impulsiveness, and restlessness. The severity of symptoms can vary from mild to severe.

People who are lazy typically don't make an effort to complete tasks at work, school, or home. However, individuals with ADHD may put in significant effort but still struggle to accomplish what they intend to. This can lead to frustration, low self-esteem, and negative feelings about their abilities.

Some of the symptoms of adults with ADHD are:
- Trouble completing and organizing tasks.
- Frequently losing important belongings.
- Forgetfulness and distraction.
- Restlessness.
- Difficulty following details.
- Impatience.

While each person's experience with ADHD is unique, the condition generally does not worsen with age. However, the way ADHD traits present and affect your life can change based on factors such as stress, your environment, and the type of support available to you.

People with ADHD often live in the present moment and may struggle to learn from the past or anticipate the future consequences of their actions. This "acting without thinking," a hallmark of impulsivity, is one reason why individuals with ADHD find it challenging to learn from their experiences.

Standard treatments for ADHD in adults typically include medication, education, skills training, and psychological counseling. A combination of these approaches is often the most effective. While these treatments can help manage many symptoms of ADHD, they do not cure the condition.

Inattentiveness in ADHD includes:
- Difficulty concentrating and focusing
- Having a short attention span and being easily distracted
- Making careless mistakes, such as in schoolwork
- Appearing forgetful or losing things

In a study, only about 9% of children appeared to "outgrow" their ADHD or recover from it permanently. The condition remained stable in less than 11% of the participants. Most individuals with ADHD showed fluctuations over time, with symptoms often going up and down based on reports from those in the study.

ADHD, a neurodevelopmental condition, includes symptoms such as inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. While not everyone with ADHD talks a lot, for those who do, "the impulsiveness is at the root of this," said L.

Symptoms of ADHD that can cause relationship problems include:
- Zoning out during conversations: This can make your partner feel ignored and devalued.
-Missing important details or mindlessly agreeing to things: This can lead to frustration if you don't remember these commitments later.

Yes, individuals with ADHD, like anyone else, can be untruthful, manipulative, or intentionally misleading. However, for those with ADHD, their communication issues often stem from processing difficulties that contribute to misleading or confusing interactions.

Fidgeting, interrupting, losing homework, and daydreaming are common signs of ADHD, but they can also have other causes. It's important to rule out other issues whenever it appears a child might have ADHD.

Separations, disagreements, and rejections—whether real or perceived—are the most common triggers for symptoms in individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). They are highly sensitive to abandonment and being alone, which can lead to intense feelings of anger, fear, suicidal thoughts, self-harm, and very impulsive decisions.

Many people with untreated Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) experience unstable or chaotic personal relationships and have difficulty maintaining employment. They are at increased risk for divorce, estrangement from family members, and rocky friendships. Legal and financial problems are also common.

A split in emotions often occurs in response to an event that triggers the extreme binary emotions characteristic of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). While these events might seem harmless or minor to those without BPD, they can relate to previous trauma and spark fears of abandonment, separation, or severe anxiety.

People with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) often experience emotional dysregulation, making it challenging for them to manage their own emotions. As a result, they may be drawn to individuals who seem to have their emotions under control, such as narcissists.

People with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) have a strong fear of abandonment and being left alone. Despite their desire for loving and lasting relationships, this fear often leads to mood swings, anger, impulsiveness, and self-injury, which can push others away.

The 9 symptoms of BPD
- Fear of abandonment. People with BPD are often terrified of being abandoned or left alone. ...
- Unstable relationships. ...
- Unclear or shifting self-image. ...
- Impulsive, self-destructive behaviors. ...
- Self-harm. ...
- Extreme emotional swings. ...
- Chronic feelings of emptiness. ...
- Explosive anger.

People in a close relationship with an adult with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) often find that interacting with their loved one feels like arguing with a small child. Individuals with BPD may struggle with reading body language or understanding the nonverbal aspects of communication, leading them to make statements that can seem cruel, unfair, or irrational.

To communicate effectively with someone with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), avoid sarcasm or tones that could be misunderstood. Slow down and tone down your responses to give them time to process their feelings. Listen without expressing personal judgment or blame, and reflect their words back to them in a calm and composed manner.

In reality, many individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) possess cognitive and emotional empathy. However, their empathic abilities can fluctuate depending on their emotional state and the situation. The emotional volatility often associated with BPD can sometimes lead others to mistakenly assume that these individuals lack empathy.

Narcissism itself is not listed as a symptom of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM-5). However, up to 40% of individuals with BPD may also have Narcissistic Personality Disorder, so it's possible for people with BPD to exhibit signs of narcissism.

Impulsivity is a trait of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) that can be positively associated with being bold, courageous, and outspoken. Creativity is another aspect, as the intense emotions experienced by individuals with BPD can be channeled into creative pursuits. Many people with BPD express their emotional intensity through music, art, performance, and writing.

People with Antisocial Personality Disorder may demonstrate a disregard for others and for the law through actions such as destroying property, harassing individuals, or stealing. They might also deceive, exploit, con, or manipulate others to achieve their own goals, whether those are related to money, power, sex, or personal gratification.

Antisocial Personality Disorder is a particularly challenging type of personality disorder marked by impulsive, irresponsible, and often criminal behavior. Individuals with this disorder typically exhibit manipulative, deceitful, and reckless tendencies, with little regard for others' feelings.

Symptoms of antisocial personality disorder include repeatedly:
- Ignoring right and wrong.
- Telling lies to take advantage of others.
- Not being sensitive to or respectful of others.
- Using charm or wit to manipulate others for personal gain or pleasure.
- Having a sense of superiority and being extremely opinionated.

Diagnosing antisocial personality disorder
- repeatedly breaking the law.
- repeatedly being deceitful.
- being impulsive or incapable of planning ahead.
- being irritable and aggressive.
- having a reckless disregard for their safety or the safety of others.
- being consistently irresponsible.
- lack of remorse.

Those with ASPD lack interpersonal skills (e.g., lack of remorse, lack of empathy, lack of emotional-processing skills).

In the dimensional model of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD), the essential features are:
- Antagonism: This includes traits such as manipulativeness, deceitfulness, callousness, and hostility.
- Disinhibition (DS): This encompasses irresponsibility, impulsivity, and risk-taking behavior.

Despite the symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder, it is still possible to receive and give love, address personal challenges, and build meaningful connections with others.

Several factors can increase the risk of developing Antisocial Personality Disorder, including:
- Abuse, neglect, or mistreatment in childhood
- Having a parent with alcoholism or another substance use disorder

Common behaviors associated with Antisocial Personality Disorder include:
- Physical aggression, hostility, or violence toward others
- Reckless or impulsive behavior
- Breaking the law or disregarding rules and social norms
- Feeling angry, more powerful, or superior to others

People with Antisocial Personality Disorder may repeatedly disregard or violate the rights of others. They may lie, deceive, or manipulate people, act impulsively, and disregard both their own and others' safety.

Some individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) may have little regard for concealing their behaviors and attitudes, which can be referred to as "low functioning" ASPD. These individuals often struggle to maintain relationships and employment due to their symptoms and behaviors.

There appears to be a small negative association between Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) and Factor 2 psychopathy, suggesting that individuals who score higher on the impulsive and antisocial behavior component of psychopathy tend to score lower on intelligence tests.

Narcissists may devalue their partners by engaging in behaviors such as criticizing, belittling, or insulting them. This devaluation can also include withholding affection or attention, leaving the partner feeling unimportant, unworthy, and emotionally neglected.

The nine criteria of narcissistic personality disorder
- A grandiose sense of self-importance.
- Fantasies about having or deserving.
- A sense of self-superiority.
- A need for excessive admiration.
- A sense of entitlement.
- Exploitative behavior.
- A lack of empathy.
- Frequent envy.

Learn About NPD: Understand the behaviors and traits of NPD.
Strengthen Self-Esteem: Boost your confidence to resist manipulation.
Set Boundaries: Establish and maintain clear limits.
Stay Calm: Use techniques to manage emotions during interactions.
Seek Support: Surround yourself with understanding friends or groups.
Demand Action: Focus on real changes, not just promises.
Know They May Need Help: Recognize that professional help might be necessary, even if resisted.

Self-Importance: Exaggerated sense of self-worth.
Preoccupation with Power, Beauty, or Success: Constantly thinking about these aspects.
Entitlement: Believes they deserve special treatment.
Selective Relationships: Only associates with people deemed important or special.
Exploitation: Uses others for personal gain.
Arrogance: Displays haughty behavior or attitudes.
Lack of Empathy: Inability to understand or share others' feelings.
Need for Admiration: Requires excessive praise and recognition.

Sex with a narcissist may often feel unsatisfying and unhealthy for their partners due to the individual's struggles with intimacy and lack of sexual reciprocity. Those with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) tend to focus on their own needs and desires, often neglecting their partner's emotional and physical needs. This can lead to an experience that feels one-sided and devoid of genuine connection.

How to Outsmart Narcissists: 11 Ways to Help You Get Control How to Outsmart a
1. Narcissist Separate yourself from the person.
2. Take time to heal.
3. Take responsibility for your part in a conflict.
4. React with empathy and respect.
5. Remain calm and unaffected.
6. Disengage from their conversations.
7. Set and enforce clear boundaries.
8. Keep your intentions and goals to yourself.

- Expectation: Narcissists will treat their families with kindness and respect.
- Reality: Narcissists often treat their families with rudeness, combativeness, and blame. From their perspective, family members are seen as inferior, and their egos are most threatened by those closest to them because they know their secrets. This leads to behavior that is far from respectful or kind.

- Symptoms: Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is characterized by self-centered, arrogant thinking and behavior, a lack of empathy for others, and an excessive need for admiration. People with NPD are often described as cocky, manipulative, selfish, patronizing, and demanding.
- Causes: The exact cause of NPD is unknown, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and social factors, such as excessive pampering or criticism in childhood.
- Help: Treatment for NPD typically involves psychotherapy to help individuals develop healthier relationships and behaviors.

- Damage to Interpersonal Relationships: Strained or broken connections due to self-centered behavior and lack of empathy.
- Hostility Toward Others: Expressed through blaming and making accusations, often as a defense mechanism.
- Suicidal Ideation: Typically triggered by external events such as perceived rejection or failure, leading to feelings of worthlessness.

Narcissists are drawn to those who can boost their own self-esteem and validate their sense of importance," Wasser told Insider. "Being associated with someone who is successful or admired can make the narcissist feel more important by proxy.

Avoids working with others due to fear of criticism, disapproval, or rejection. Hesitates to get involved unless assured of being liked. Holds back from close relationships out of fear of being shamed or mocked.

People with AVPD often desire relationships but are hindered by their fear of rejection. This condition can strain relationships due to insecurity and emotional unavailability.

Symptoms and Treatment Symptoms of Avoidant Personality Disorder
- A need to be well-liked1. 2
- Anhedonia (lack of pleasure in activities)
- Anxiety about saying or doing the wrong thing.
- Anxiety in social situations.
- Avoiding conflict (being a "people-pleaser")
- Avoiding interaction in work settings or turning down promotions.

Creating a safe space for open and honest communication is crucial for supporting someone with AVPD. It helps build trust and can make them feel more comfortable sharing their fears and struggles without judgment. This supportive approach can be really beneficial in strengthening your relationship and helping them navigate their challenges.

These factors can increase the likelihood of developing avoidant personality disorder (AVPD). Early experiences, such as trauma or neglect, can shape one's self-perception and coping mechanisms, while a family history of mental health issues might contribute to a predisposition. Additionally, having other mental health conditions like depression or anxiety can also play a role. Understanding these risk factors can help in early identification and intervention.

Even though someone with avoidant personality disorder (AVPD) might struggle with intimacy and closeness, their actions can still show deep affection. If an avoidant partner prioritizes you and makes an effort to spend time together, it's a strong sign that they care deeply and are committed to the relationship, despite their internal struggles. Their love may be expressed differently, often through actions rather than words, due to their fear of vulnerability and rejection.

People with an avoidant attachment style often value their independence and might find intimacy challenging. They might avoid deep emotional connections and prefer solitude or smaller, more manageable social settings. This can make maintaining close relationships and navigating social interactions more complex for them.

Avoidant Personality Disorder (AVPD) involves deep self-doubt and fear of rejection, leading to avoidance of social interactions. Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) features a grandiose self-image and need for admiration, often masking underlying insecurities. Both disorders reflect struggles with self-worth but in different ways.

Social Anxiety Disorder and Avoidant Personality Disorder share many symptoms, such as intense fear of social situations and fear of rejection, making them difficult to differentiate. However, social anxiety disorder typically centers around fear of specific social interactions, while avoidant personality disorder involves a pervasive pattern of avoidance in many areas of life due to deep-seated feelings of inadequacy.

High-functioning AVPD individuals might manage social situations better and handle certain interactions more effectively than those with severe AVPD. They might still experience anxiety and avoidance but can navigate social settings with more ease or in specific contexts.

Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) is characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behaviors. Individuals with DPD often struggle with making decisions independently and fear separation or abandonment. They may rely heavily on others for emotional and physical support, and their self-esteem is often tied to their relationships. This dependency can lead to difficulties in asserting themselves and maintaining a sense of personal autonomy.

Individuals with avoidant personality disorder (AVPD) may withdraw from social situations due to fear of rejection or criticism, only engaging when they are confident they won’t be judged. In contrast, those with dependent personality disorder (DPD) actively seek and cling to relationships, often relying on others for emotional support and decision-making to avoid feeling alone or abandoned.

This personality disorder is diagnosed in only 0.5 to 0.6 percent of the general population. However, symptoms of this disorder can manifest in almost anyone at some point. Even if you do not have this condition, you might experience some of its symptoms throughout your life, as many people seek comfort and support from others.

Although there are similarities between these two disorders, their differences are quite distinct. A key distinguishing factor of Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) is the need for reassurance and guidance in decision-making. In contrast, individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) often exhibit more self-damaging behaviors and show a greater tendency toward mood swings and intense anger.

Causes and Risk Factors for Dependent Personality Disorder include:
- A family history of personality disorders, depression, or anxiety.
- Experiences of childhood abuse, such as overly controlling or withdrawn parenting, or having parents who discouraged independent thinking.
- Having a chronic physical illness during childhood.

The primary treatments for Dependent Personality Disorder typically involve psychotherapy or psychodynamic therapy, with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) being commonly used. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to address underlying issues such as depression or anxiety.

May avoid working with others due to a fear of criticism, disapproval, or rejection. Prefers not to engage with people unless they are certain of being liked. Hesitates to form close relationships because of a fear of being shamed or mocked.

The main distinction between Dependent Personality Disorder and codependency lies in the nature of the relationships involved. Codependent individuals exhibit dependent traits centered around a specific person, whereas Dependent Personality Disorder involves a general pattern of dependence on others."

Another key difference between Avoidant Personality Disorder (APD) and autistic disorders lies in the perception of social cues. Children with autistic spectrum disorders often overlook these cues, whereas those with APD are typically hypersensitive to them.

Personality disorders that may worsen with age include paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, obsessive-compulsive, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, and dependent.

Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) is a mental condition characterized by a long-term pattern of distrust and suspicion toward others. Individuals with PPD do not experience a full-blown psychotic disorder, such as schizophrenia.

- Consider the basis of their beliefs.
- Don't dismiss their fears.
- Be there for them.
- Support them to seek help.
- Respect their wishes.
- Agree how to get help in a crisis.
- Look after yourself.

They depend on the cause but, generally, a person who is paranoid may:
- be easily offended.
- find it difficult to trust others.
- not cope with any type of criticism.
- assign harmful meanings to other people's remarks.
- be always on the defensive.
- be hostile, aggressive and argumentative.
- not be able to compromise.

An individual with Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) may feel intensely wary of others, constantly on alert for signs that someone might be threatening, mistreating, or deceiving them. Despite the lack of evidence, they may persistently question the loyalty, honesty, or trustworthiness of those around them.

Individuals with symptoms of paranoia may exhibit beliefs and behaviors such as mistrust, hypervigilance (constantly scanning for threats), difficulty forgiving others, a defensive attitude in response to perceived criticism, preoccupation with hidden motives, fear of being deceived or exploited, trouble relaxing

People with Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) are perpetually on guard, believing that others are always trying to demean, harm, or threaten them. These largely unfounded beliefs, along with tendencies to blame and distrust others, hinder their ability to form close or functional relationships.

Paranoia can be a symptom of bipolar disorder, often manifesting as one of several psychotic symptoms. Other psychotic symptoms that people with bipolar disorder may experience include hallucinations, delusions, and difficulty distinguishing between real and imagined sensations.

Paranoia can arise from different sources: 1. Paranoia stemming from a sense of guilt, 2. Paranoia rooted in low self-esteem, and 3. Paranoia driven by a sense of persecution. Each of these processes is distinct in terms of description, dynamics, and underlying genetic factors.

- Self-care for paranoia.
- Keep a diary.
- Question and challenge paranoid thoughts.
- Test your paranoid thoughts.
- Talk about your thoughts.
- I've found it becomes easier and less straining on yourself once you share your thoughts with someone else.
- Try peer support.
- Try to get good quality sleep.

Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) are common comorbidities with Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD). The use of these substances can exacerbate paranoia and fear in individuals with PPD, creating an increasingly challenging and risky environment.

DSM-5-TR Criteria for Schizoid Personality Disorder
Typically prefers solitary activities and shows little interest in sexual experiences with others. Finds pleasure in few activities and has limited close friendships or relationships outside of first-degree relatives.

Schizoid Personality Disorder is a condition where a person demonstrates minimal interest and difficulty in forming relationships with others. They often struggle to express a full range of emotions. Individuals with schizoid personality disorder may be perceived as withdrawn or rejecting of others.

Someone with Schizotypal Personality Disorder may experience perceptions that others do not. For example, you might feel as if someone is sitting next to you in a room, even though no one else senses or sees this presence. Alternatively, you might feel as though you are levitating while lying on the bed.

Schizoid Personality Disorder is characterized by individuals who are often cold, distant, and introverted, with a strong fear of intimacy and closeness. Those with this disorder are typically absorbed in their own thoughts and daydreams, leading them to isolate themselves from personal connections and reality.

Key Points:
- People with personality disorders can fall in love.
- They often carry unresolved issues from childhood that make it challenging to form stable, intimate relationships.
- Individuals with borderline, narcissistic, or schizoid personality disorders may struggle to maintain mutually satisfying intimate relationships.

Living with Schizoid Personality Disorder often means being highly independent and mostly keeping to oneself. You might prefer solitary activities, such as video games, reading, or exercising alone.

Currently, Schizoid Personality Disorder is recognized as an independent condition. However, the similarities between autism and schizoid personality disorder suggest that they can co-exist. Nonetheless, if you display signs of autism, it is less likely that schizoid personality disorder would be co-diagnosed.

Additionally, it is necessary to include a measure of the five personality dimensions: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness.

According to the DSM-5, Cluster B personality disorders are the rarest of the three clusters, with a prevalence of 1.5%. Understanding the similarities and differences between these Cluster B conditions can help destigmatize these often misunderstood mental health issues and foster a better understanding of those who live with them.

Peter Pan Syndrome is not an officially recognized mental health disorder but is used to describe adults who exhibit childlike behaviors and struggle with taking on responsibility and accountability. This term characterizes individuals who resist growing up and assume adult roles.

Individuals with Schizotypal Personality Disorder may exhibit unusual reactions in conversations, such as not responding or talking to themselves. They often interpret situations in odd ways or attribute unusual meanings to them, and may commonly hold paranormal or superstitious beliefs.

Schizoid men are often attracted to the warmth and liveliness of borderline women. Borderline women are typically very emotional, disorganized, and needy, whereas schizoid men tend to be detached from their emotions, private, and independent.

Someone with Schizotypal Personality Disorder may perceive events that others do not. For example, you might feel as though someone is sitting next to you in a room, even though no one else senses or sees this presence. Alternatively, you might feel as if you are levitating while lying on the bed.

People with Schizotypal Personality Disorder often experience intense discomfort and distress in social situations. They may struggle to form and maintain close relationships due to distorted interpretations of social interactions and unusual social behavior.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder is characterized by deficits in social and interpersonal skills, including a diminished ability to form close relationships. This occurs alongside eccentric behavior and cognitive or perceptual distortions.

Individuals with Schizotypal Personality Disorder may respond unusually in conversations, such as not replying or talking to themselves. They often perceive situations as strange or imbued with unusual meanings, and may commonly hold paranormal or superstitious beliefs.

Speech in individuals with Schizotypal Personality Disorder may be unusual, often excessively abstract or concrete, or include odd phrases and word usage. They may also dress in an unconventional or unkempt manner, such as wearing ill-fitting or dirty clothes, and exhibit peculiar mannerisms.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder is typically diagnosed in early adulthood, although some features may appear during childhood or adolescence. It is generally considered a lifelong condition.

According to the DSM-5, Cluster B personality disorders are the rarest of the three clusters, with a prevalence of 1.5%. Understanding the similarities and differences among Cluster B conditions can help destigmatize these often misunderstood mental health issues and enhance our understanding of those who experience them.

Magical thinking involves the belief that one has special control over others or events through supernatural means. For instance, a person may think they influence others to perform ordinary actions (like feeding the dog) or believe that performing certain rituals (such as washing their hands three times) can prevent harm or illness.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder is generally a lifelong condition. However, some symptoms may improve over time with experiences that foster positive coping skills. These experiences can enhance self-confidence, help individuals overcome challenges, and improve their ability to manage social situations.

Abstract: Individuals with schizotypal traits may exhibit unusual self-awareness, particularly concerning their sense of self-agency—the feeling that they are the ones initiating or causing actions.

Schizotypy has been found to be associated with anxiety, depressive, and autistic symptoms, as well as a poor quality of life. While schizotypy predicts impaired quality of life, this relationship is mediated by symptoms of anxiety and depression, which are potentially linked to autism.

For individuals with Schizotypal Personality Disorder, we recommend first-line treatment with long-term, psychodynamically informed psychotherapy. Pharmacologic treatment should be used to address specific symptoms in conjunction with psychotherapy.

With a strong foundation of professional treatment, most patients can lead their lives effectively by practicing self-care, utilizing relaxation techniques, and minimizing stress to manage their anxiety. However, there is always a possibility that anxiety may resurface, necessitating additional treatment.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) typically involves a persistent sense of anxiety or dread that disrupts daily life. It differs from occasional worry or anxiety related to stressful life events. People with GAD experience frequent anxiety that can last for months or even years, and the disorder tends to develop gradually.

In some cases, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) can be long-term (chronic) and challenging to treat. However, most individuals see improvement in their symptoms with medication and/or talk therapy.

In most cases, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) improves with psychotherapy or medication. Additionally, making lifestyle changes, learning coping skills, and using relaxation techniques can also be beneficial.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and other severe forms of anxiety are often long-term conditions that can be diagnosed by a doctor and may significantly limit a person's ability to engage in substantial gainful activity. If your condition meets these criteria, it may be considered a disability under Social Security law.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) involves persistent, uncontrollable worry that occurs on most days and lasts for at least six months. Healthcare providers diagnose GAD based on these criteria. It is one of the most common mental disorders in the U.S.

Anxiety does not peak at a specific age; it can occur at different stages of life depending on the triggers that lead to an anxiety attack.

It essentially involves identifying three things you can see, three things you can hear, and three ways you can move your body. According to Aimee Daramus, PsyD, a clinical psychologist at Clarity Clinic in Chicago, 'It's essentially a method for distracting yourself from anxiety by redirecting your focus to your senses.'

Physical symptoms of GAD
- dizziness.
- tiredness.
- a noticeably strong, fast or irregular heartbeat (palpitations)
- muscle aches and tension.
- trembling or shaking.
- dry mouth.
- excessive sweating.
- shortness of breath.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are among the most commonly prescribed medications for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). This class of antidepressants includes medications such as Lexapro (escitalopram), Paxil (paroxetine), Prozac (fluoxetine), and Zoloft (sertraline).

Anxiety doesn’t always intensify with age, but some older adults might notice an uptick in anxiety symptoms. This could be due to factors like chronic health conditions, cognitive decline, the loss of loved ones, or concerns about aging and maintaining independence.

People with panic disorder often wonder if there’s a way or medication to completely eliminate their symptoms. The reality is that panic disorder can’t be entirely cured. However, it can be managed effectively to the point where it no longer has a major impact on your daily life.

If you’re afraid of having a panic attack in public or while driving, you might start avoiding going out altogether. Over time, this can lead to withdrawing from your regular activities, such as working or spending time with loved ones. However, panic disorder is highly manageable, and you don’t need to live in constant fear of these attacks.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) approved by the FDA for treating panic disorder include fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil, Pexeva), and sertraline (Zoloft). Another class of antidepressants used for this condition is serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).

In the moment when something triggers your anxiety, you can use the 333 rule. Start by looking around to identify three objects and three sounds, then move three different body parts. Many people find that this simple technique helps them focus and stay grounded when anxiety feels overwhelming. The 333 rule is a widely used, informal method for managing anxiety.

Triggers for panic attacks can include overbreathing, prolonged stress, activities that cause intense physical reactions (such as strenuous exercise or excessive caffeine intake), and physical changes following an illness or a sudden change in environment.

Panic disorder is a prevalent mental health condition that often begins in the teenage years or early adulthood, though it can also start in childhood. Women are twice as likely as men to develop panic disorder, and there may be a genetic component involved.

If left untreated, panic disorder can significantly impact your quality of life, leading to challenges at work or school. The good news is that panic disorder is treatable.

For individuals with an underlying cardiac condition, anxiety or a panic attack can worsen existing heart issues and potentially trigger serious events, according to Dr. Spivack. Increased blood pressure and elevated stress hormone levels can further aggravate coronary artery disease, blockages, or other cardiac conditions.

Panic disorder can occur even in the absence of a family history. It is twice as common in women as in men. Symptoms typically start before the age of 25, though they can also emerge in the mid-30s. While children can experience panic disorder, it is often not diagnosed until they are older.

SSRIs and SNRIs are commonly used as first-line treatments for anxiety and major depressive disorder. Popular SSRI brands include Celexa, Lexapro, Luvox, Paxil, and Zoloft. Common SNRI brands are Pristiq, Cymbalta, and Effexor XR.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the primary treatment for panic disorder. Additionally, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), a newer variant of CBT, has also proven effective in treating the condition. Psychologist Steven Hayes developed ACT partly to address his own experiences with panic disorder.

A profound fear of engaging or conversing with unfamiliar people. Anxiety about others noticing your nervousness. Worry over physical symptoms like blushing, sweating, trembling, or a shaky voice that could cause embarrassment. A tendency to avoid activities or conversations due to the fear of being embarrassed.

Maintain a stiff body posture or speak in an overly soft voice. Struggle to make eye contact, feel uncomfortable around unfamiliar people, or find it challenging to engage in social situations, even when they wish to. Experience heightened self-consciousness or fear of being judged negatively by others. Avoid places where other people are present.

While social anxiety disorder often requires professional help from a medical expert or qualified psychotherapist, you can try a few techniques to manage situations that might trigger symptoms: Develop stress-reduction skills, engage in regular physical exercise or activity, and ensure you get enough sleep.

Individuals with social anxiety disorder often endure intense nervousness and a fear of rejection during most social interactions, prompting them to avoid these situations whenever possible. Those with severe social anxiety may find their social phobia significantly restricting, leading to difficulties in various aspects of their lives.

Avoidant Personality Disorder (AVPD) and Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) are mental health conditions characterized by similar primary symptoms. Although they are often mistaken for one another or used interchangeably, they are distinct diagnoses.

Start by identifying your triggers—the specific situations that cause your heart to race. Practice calming techniques, such as deep breathing exercises, when anxiety arises. Gradually ease yourself into social situations, beginning with small steps and increasing your exposure over time. If you find it difficult to manage, don't hesitate to seek professional help.

Social Anxiety Disorder
- An anxiety disorder where individuals experience intense fear when participating in social situations.
- Symptoms can include blushing, trembling, sweating, rapid heartbeat, chest pain, nausea, and dizziness.
- Treatment options typically involve cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and medications.

Best Jobs for Social Anxiety
- Librarian: A quiet environment with minimal social interaction.
- Landscaper/Gardener: Work outdoors, often independently, with limited need for social engagement.
- Animal Caretaker: Focus on caring for animals rather than interacting with people.
- Video Editor: Creative work that can be done independently, often behind the scenes.
- Data Entry Specialist: Minimal interaction, with tasks focused on accuracy and detail.
- Virtual Assistant: Work remotely, providing support without face-to-face contact.
- Driver: Independent work, typically with brief social interactions.
- Dog Groomer: A rewarding career that involves working primarily with animals rather than people.

Being pressured to interact before they’re ready, facing criticism or humiliation, or dealing with other fears and worries can exacerbate social anxiety.

The exact cause of social anxiety disorder is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of factors. Scientists suggest that physical, biological, and genetic factors may all contribute. Issues with neurotransmitter systems could lead to imbalances in hormones such as serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate.

Anxiety does not necessarily worsen with age for everyone, but some older adults may experience an increase in symptoms. This can be attributed to factors such as chronic health issues, cognitive decline, loss of loved ones, or fears related to aging and maintaining independence.

If left untreated, social phobia can significantly impact quality of life. Common complications may include using alcohol as a coping mechanism during social events, which can lead to alcohol abuse.

Specific phobia is an intense, irrational fear of something that poses little or no actual danger. Even though adults with phobias may recognize that these fears are irrational, the mere thought of encountering the feared object or situation can trigger severe anxiety symptoms.

There are three main groups of phobias:
- Specific (Simple) Phobias: These are the most common and involve intense fear of specific objects or situations.
- Social Phobia: This causes extreme anxiety in social or public situations.
- Agoraphobia: This is the fear of being alone in public places from which escape may be difficult or impossible.

- Situations: Such as airplanes, driving, enclosed spaces, or going to school.
- Nature: Such as thunderstorms, heights, or the dark.
- Animals or Insects: Such as dogs, snakes, or spiders.

Glossophobia is the intense fear of public speaking. It is a specific type of phobia, which is an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent and excessive fear of a particular object or situation.

Agoraphobia differs from a specific phobia in terms of the feared consequences. Agoraphobia involves fear of situations where anxiety or panic responses might occur, often due to the perceived difficulty of escaping or getting help. In contrast, a specific phobia is focused on fearing a situation or object for reasons other than the potential for anxiety or panic responses.

The most common specific phobia in the general population is fear of animals, particularly dogs, snakes, insects, and mice. Other common specific phobias include fear of closed spaces (claustrophobia) and fear of heights (acrophobia). Most simple phobias develop during childhood and often diminish over time.

- Marked Fear or Anxiety: Persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (e.g., flying, heights, animals, seeing blood, etc.).
- Immediate Fear or Anxiety: The phobic object or situation almost always triggers immediate fear or anxiety.
- Avoidance or Endurance: The phobic object or situation is either actively avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety.

Phobias develop when a person has an exaggerated or unrealistic sense of danger about a specific situation or object. If the phobia becomes severe, the individual may go to great lengths to avoid the source of their anxiety, potentially organizing their entire life around this avoidance. This can not only restrict their daily activities but also lead to significant distress.

Physical Symptoms of Phobias:
- Pounding heart, palpitations, or accelerated heart rate
- Chest pain or tightness in the chest
- Sweating
- Hot or cold flushes

The most common specific phobia in the general population is the fear of animals, particularly dogs, snakes, insects, and mice. Other common specific phobias include fear of closed spaces (claustrophobia) and fear of heights (acrophobia). Most simple phobias develop during childhood and often fade over time.

Scales for Specific Phobia:
- The Phobia Questionnaire (PHQ): A 15-item questionnaire used to measure a person's level of avoidance in response to a particular object or situation, considering fear as a key factor.
- The Specific Phobia Questionnaire (SPQ): A 45-item questionnaire designed to assess the extent of fear and its interference with daily life across a broad range of objects and situations.

The most effective treatment for specific phobias is exposure therapy, a form of therapy that gradually exposes individuals to the feared object or situation. In some cases, healthcare professionals may also recommend other therapies or medications. Understanding the cause of a phobia is less critical than addressing and treating the avoidance behavior that has developed over time.

Agoraphobia is a type of anxiety disorder where a person is afraid to leave environments they perceive as safe. In severe cases, individuals with agoraphobia may consider their home to be the only safe place and might avoid leaving it for extended periods—days, months, or even years.

Psychological factors that can increase the risk of developing agoraphobia include traumatic childhood experiences, such as the death of a parent or being sexually abused, as well as experiencing stressful life events, such as bereavement, divorce, or job loss.

In the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), two types of agoraphobia are identified:
- Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia: Agoraphobia occurs alongside recurrent panic attacks.
- Agoraphobia without a History of Panic Disorder: Agoraphobia is present without a history of panic disorder or recurrent panic attacks.

Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder that occurs when a person is in a public or crowded place where escape might be difficult or help may not be readily available. It is characterized by a fear that a panic attack or panic-like symptoms could occur in these situations.

A diagnosis of agoraphobia is typically made if:
- You experience anxiety about being in places or situations where escape or help might be difficult if you feel panicky or have a panic attack, such as in a crowd or on a bus.
- You avoid these situations or endure them with extreme anxiety or with the assistance of a companion.

Agoraphobia can significantly limit your ability to socialize, work, attend important events, and manage daily tasks like running errands. Don't let agoraphobia restrict your life. Reach out to your healthcare provider or a mental health professional if you experience symptoms of agoraphobia or panic attacks.

Agoraphobia can significantly limit your ability to socialize, work, attend important events, and manage daily tasks like running errands. Don't let agoraphobia restrict your life. Reach out to your healthcare provider or a mental health professional if you experience symptoms of agoraphobia or panic attacks.

The duration of agoraphobia varies from person to person. For some individuals, agoraphobic feelings may diminish over time. However, for others, these fears can persist throughout their lives if left untreated.

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

SSRIs were initially developed to treat depression but have also been found effective for other mood disorders, including anxiety, panic, and obsessional thoughts. For individuals with agoraphobia, sertraline, an SSRI, is commonly recommended.

Fortunately, Social Security recognizes agoraphobia, with or without panic attacks, as a disorder. Under Listing 12.06 of the Social Security Administration’s manual, which outlines the criteria for disability, this recognition can make it significantly easier to get approved for benefits.

Symptoms of dysthymia (also known as Persistent Depressive Disorder) include:
- Lasting sad, anxious, or "empty" mood
- Reduced ability to concentrate, think, or make decisions
- Decreased energy
- Fatigue
- Feelings of hopelessness
- Changes in weight and/or appetite, due to overeating or undereating

- Is less severe than major depression but lasts for longer periods of time.
- Is marked by persistent feelings of mild depression or irritability but may lead to more intense feelings at times.
- Is often undiagnosed and, if left untreated, can lead to more serious mental health and behavioral problems.

With dysthymia, symptoms occur almost daily for months or even years and are typically low-grade or moderate. Individuals with dysthymia may continue to function in their daily lives, but they often do not experience much joy or happiness in their activities, experiences, or accomplishments.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) is a continuous, long-term form of depression. Symptoms may include:
- Persistent feelings of sadness and emptiness
- Loss of interest in daily activities
- Difficulty accomplishing tasks
- Low self-esteem
- Feelings of failure
- Sense of hopelessness

Dysthymia vs. Cyclothymia
- Dysthymia (Persistent Depressive Disorder): Involves chronic low-grade depressive symptoms, such as sadness, low energy, and lack of interest, but without the extreme highs. The mood is consistently low, and there are no episodes of mania or hypomania.
- Cyclothymia: A form of bipolar disorder characterized by mood swings between mild depressive symptoms and periods of hypomania (elevated mood). The symptoms are less severe than in full-blown bipolar disorder, but cyclothymia includes both low and high mood states.

Without treatment, symptoms of persistent depressive disorder can last for many years. This condition is most commonly treated with a combination of medication, therapy, or both. Antidepressant medications often take 4 to 6 weeks to achieve their full effect.

To qualify for Social Security Disability benefits for dysthymia, you must demonstrate that you are unable to perform any kind of work due to the condition. To support your disability claim, you need to provide medical evidence and seek legal guidance. The Social Security Administration (SSA) uses the Blue Book, a comprehensive guide listing medical conditions and criteria for eligibility.

Definition: Persistent Depressive Disorder (formerly known as dysthymic disorder) is characterized by chronic, low-level depression that, while not as severe as major depressive disorder, lasts for a longer period.

Recovery from dysthymia often takes a long time, and symptoms may frequently return. One study found that about 70% of individuals recovered in an average of four years, but 50% experienced a recurrence. Another study reported an average time to recurrence of nearly six years.

Depression encompasses a range of symptoms, including:

- Emotional Symptoms: Persistent sadness, feeling down, irritability, or apathy.

Niculescu and Akisal proposed dividing dysthymia into two subtypes:
- Anxious Dysthymia: Characterized by pronounced symptoms of low self-esteem, undirected restlessness, and sensitivity to interpersonal rejection.
- Anergic Dysthymia: This subtype focuses on symptoms related to a lack of energy and motivation, though specific characteristics were not detailed in the description provided.

Different types of psychotherapy, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), can be effective for Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD). During therapy, you and your therapist can discuss your goals, the length of treatment, and any other relevant issues. Talk therapy can help you:
- Adjust to a crisis or current difficulties: By providing support and strategies to manage stressors and challenges

If you've been treated for depression but your symptoms haven't improved, you may have treatment-resistant depression. While antidepressants and psychological counseling (psychotherapy) are effective for many people, treatment-resistant depression means that standard treatments are not sufficient. This condition may require alternative or additional treatment approaches.

Dysthymia, or Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD), is a long-lasting mood disorder characterized by persistent dysphoria (a general sense of dissatisfaction or unease) that may occasionally be interrupted by brief periods of normal mood.

If someone is diagnosed with dysthymia before the age of 21, it is considered early-onset dysthymia. This form is more likely to develop if the individual has experienced early trauma, such as separation from a parent. Those diagnosed with dysthymia after the age of 21 are considered to have late-onset dysthymia.

Dysthymia can manifest similarly to other forms of depression but is characterized by its persistent nature, lasting for long periods, sometimes even years. If you suffer from dysthymia and are unable to work, you may qualify for Social Security disability benefits. However, you will need to provide adequate documentation to support your claim.

First-line treatments for Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) typically involve a combination of medication and therapy. The medications used for PDD are similar to those for other forms of depression and include:
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): Such as fluoxetine (Prozac) or sertraline (Zoloft).

Preliminary open-label findings suggest that bupropion SR (Wellbutrin SR) is effective in treating Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD).

Yes, depression is a mental health disorder that can affect various aspects of your life, including mood, thoughts, feelings, weight, sleeping habits, energy levels, and overall functioning. If depression significantly interferes with your ability to work, you may be eligible for Social Security disability benefits, such as SSDI (Social Security Disability Insurance) and SSI (Supplemental Security Income).

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) considers depression a disability if it significantly impairs a person's functioning in at least one major life area. Depression's symptoms, which can affect mood, cognition, and daily functioning, can meet this criterion.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD), also known as dysthymia or chronic major depression, is a condition with evolving diagnostic criteria and a complex understanding. Historically, it was considered a personality disorder, suggesting a permanent and pervasive nature.

Cyclothymia is often associated with coexisting ADHD symptoms, although this comorbidity is not well-studied. Both conditions share emotional dysregulation as a core symptom, contributing to difficulties in managing emotions and behavior.

Despite its prevalence, cyclothymia often faces scrutiny regarding its diagnosis and classification. Some experts debate whether it should be considered a subtype of bipolar disorder rather than a distinct condition. Consequently, cyclothymia may be infrequently diagnosed in clinical settings.

Cyclothymic disorder is a milder form of bipolar disorder characterized by frequent mood swings, including hypomanic and depressive symptoms. People with cyclothymia experience emotional ups and downs, but these symptoms are generally less severe compared to those seen in bipolar I or II disorder.

People with bipolar disorder typically experience episodes of mania and depression, whereas individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) often experience intense emotional pain, feelings of emptiness, desperation, anger, hopelessness, and loneliness. In BPD, mood changes are generally more short-lived, often lasting only a few hours at a time.

Actor Stephen Fry has openly discussed his experience with cyclothymia in the documentary Stephen Fry: The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive. Singer Charlene Soraia also has cyclothymia and has written a song reflecting her experiences with the disorder.

A doctor might prescribe an antidepressant like bupropion (Wellbutrin) to manage both ADHD and cyclothymia symptoms, while closely monitoring mood changes. Alternatively, a CBT therapist may help you develop skills to manage both conditions simultaneously.

Antidepressants such as Prozac, Paxil, or Zoloft are generally not recommended for cyclothymic disorder unless the person develops a full major depression. There is also a small risk that these medications could trigger or worsen manic symptoms in some individuals, particularly those who are vulnerable.

Encourage your loved one to continue working with their doctor to find the right treatment. If you notice significant changes in mood swings or if symptoms don't improve, suggest scheduling an appointment. Remind them to maintain healthy habits, including good sleep, regular exercise, and a balanced diet.

If you notice significant changes in your mood and behavior with the changing seasons, you might be experiencing seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Typically, SAD symptoms begin in late fall or early winter and subside during the spring and summer. This pattern is often referred to as winter-pattern SAD or winter depression.

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), also known as seasonal depression or winter depression, is classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR) as a type of major depressive disorder with a seasonal pattern. This means that the depressive symptoms are linked to specific times of the year, typically starting in late fall or early winter and improving during spring and summer.

For most people with seasonal affective disorder (SAD), symptoms begin in the fall and continue through the winter months, leading to decreased energy and moodiness. These symptoms typically improve or resolve during the spring and summer.

Serotonin plays a role in the production of melatonin, which regulates sleep-wake cycles. In individuals with seasonal affective disorder (SAD), these cycles can be disrupted. Maintaining good vitamin D levels might support serotonin production, help regulate sleep patterns, and potentially reduce symptoms of depression associated with SAD.

Feeling sad is a normal reaction to difficult times, and it often passes. However, if sadness lasts for two weeks or more and disrupts your daily functioning, it might indicate depression.

Anorexia nervosa is indeed a serious and potentially fatal condition. It has a high mortality rate compared to other mental health disorders due to both the medical complications related to starvation and the risk of suicide.

The cause of anorexia nervosa is rarely just about food or weight. It often involves unresolved negative emotions and past traumas. This disorder typically arises from complex interactions between social, biological, and psychological factors, often rooted in early childhood experiences.

Eating only one meal per day can increase the risk of binge eating during that meal. Restrictive diets may also heighten the risk of developing a long-term eating disorder, as some research suggests.

Anorexia can lead to gastroparesis, a condition where the stomach has difficulty digesting food properly due to prolonged nutrient deprivation. Restricting food and calories can cause various digestive issues, including symptoms associated with gastroparesis.

People with anorexia may experience difficulties with concentration and memory, along with mood changes and emotional issues such as feeling isolated, sad, or depressed. They might also have significant anxiety and fears about gaining weight.

While there's no formal definition for "late-stage anorexia," those who have long struggled with the condition may be described as having "severe and enduring anorexia nervosa." As the body continues to be deprived of essential nutrients, the resulting deficiencies increasingly impact mental functioning and overall well-being.

Treating anorexia involves addressing the challenge of recognition and acceptance. Many individuals with anorexia may not acknowledge their illness, often seeking help only when their condition becomes severe or life-threatening.

Possible causes of weight gain or concerns related to weight include anxiety, depression, hormonal disorders, insomnia, and certain medications. While carrying extra weight isn't always problematic, it can indicate underlying health issues. Consulting a healthcare provider is the best way to determine the cause and address any potential concerns.

By the second day without food, glucose and glycogen stores are depleted, leading your body to start breaking down muscle tissue for energy. However, the body is designed to conserve muscle, not break it down. This phase provides temporary energy while your metabolism undergoes a major shift.

Approximately one-third of all deaths in patients with anorexia nervosa are estimated to be due to cardiac causes, with sudden death being a significant risk.

Anorexia can be considered a disability if it significantly impairs a person's ability to work. Individuals with anorexia who experience symptoms severe enough to affect their job performance and result in missed work may qualify for Social Security disability benefits. The disorder can impact various aspects of life, including work-related activities.

Anorexia is a general term for the loss of appetite or inability to eat, which can result from various health conditions. In contrast, anorexia nervosa is a specific eating disorder where individuals intentionally restrict their food intake to lose weight or prevent weight gain, often driven by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image.

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by extreme emaciation and often accompanied by significant increases in physical activity. Individuals with this condition are unable to maintain a healthy body weight, frequently falling below 85% of their ideal weight.

Anorexia nervosa can lead to various behavioral changes, including social isolation, due to preoccupation with appearance and mood disorders that often accompany the condition. These changes can contribute to a person withdrawing from social activities and relationships.

Family-Based Treatment (FBT) is the only proven outpatient therapy for teenagers with anorexia. The disorder's impact on the brain can impair the individual's ability to make healthy choices about eating and overall health.

Gently remind the person to eat and identify the food for them. Avoid assuming they’re finished just because they’ve stopped eating. If they’re agitated or distressed, don’t pressure them; instead, wait until they’re calm and less anxious before offering food and drink.

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight. Individuals may have a distorted perception of their body, believing they are overweight even when they are dangerously thin.